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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into distinct membrane-bound organelles that coordinate cellular metabolism and protein trafficking.
Mitochondria
Double membrane; matrix (Krebs cycle) and cristae (oxidative phosphorylation)
Possesses circular DNA and 70S ribosomes; primary generator of cellular ATP
Ribosomes
Ribonucleoprotein complexes; 80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes
Translate mRNA sequences into polypeptide chains; free in cytosol or bound to RER
Rough ER (RER)
Studded with membrane-bound ribosomes on the cytosolic face
Synthesizes, folds, and modifies secretory, lysosomal, and transmembrane proteins
Smooth ER (SER)
Lacks ribosomes; tubular interconnected cisternae
Synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies xenobiotics
Golgi Apparatus
Polarized cisternae stacks: cis entry face and trans exit face
Post-translational glycosylation, sorting, and packaging into secretable vesicles
Worked example
For the exam
1.Mitochondria are responsible for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation.
2.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is studded with ribosomes for active protein synthesis.
3.Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose.
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