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Carbon forms four covalent bonds via orbital hybridisation. In sp3 hybridisation (single bonds, e.g. methane CH4), geometry is tetrahedral with 109.5 degree angles. In sp2 hybridisation (double bonds, e.g. ethene C2H4), geometry is trigonal planar (120 degrees). In sp hybridisation (triple bonds, e.g. ethyne C2H2), geometry is linear (180 degrees).
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain a C=C double bond (CnH2n), and alkynes contain a C#C triple bond (CnH2n-2). Complete combustion of hydrocarbons in excess oxygen yields carbon dioxide and water.
sp3 Hybridisation
4 single sigma bonds, tetrahedral geometry
Bond angle approx 109.5 degrees (alkanes)
sp2 Hybridisation
3 sigma bonds + 1 π bond, trigonal planar
Bond angle approx 120 degrees (alkenes)
sp Hybridisation
2 sigma bonds + 2 π bonds, linear
Bond angle 180 degrees (alkynes)
General Alkane Formula
CnH2n+2
Methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8
Esempio svolto
1.The general molecular formula for an unbranched alkane is CnH2n+2.
2.Carbon atoms in a double bond (C=C) exhibit sp3 orbital hybridisation.
Accesso a vita a tutte le 5 lezioni di Chemistry, mappe concettuali interattive, quesiti risolti passo per passo e simulazioni d'esame a tempo per CEnT-S.