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The human double circulatory system consists of: - Systemic Circuit: Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood via the aorta to body tissues; deoxygenated blood returns via superior/inferior venae cavae into the right atrium. - Pulmonary Circuit: Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for gas exchange; oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
Blood Components: - Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Anucleate biconcave discs packed with hemoglobin for oxygen transport. - Thrombocytes (Platelets): Cell fragments essential for blood clotting (hemostasis cascade converting fibrinogen to fibrin). - Leukocytes: White blood cells (neutrophils, B/T lymphocytes, macrophages) executing immune defense.
Respiratory Gas Exchange: Oxygen and CO2 diffuse passively across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane according to partial pressure gradients.
Worked example
Deoxygenated blood returning from systemic body organs enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and is pumped through the pulmonary trunk into the lungs.
1.The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.
2.Mature human erythrocytes contain a prominent nucleus for active protein synthesis.
3.Blood platelets (thrombocytes) play a primary role in blood clotting and hemostasis.
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