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The human double circulatory system consists of: - Systemic Circuit: Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood via the aorta to body tissues; deoxygenated blood returns via superior/inferior venae cavae into the right atrium. - Pulmonary Circuit: Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for gas exchange; oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
Blood Components: - Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Anucleate biconcave discs packed with hemoglobin for oxygen transport. - Thrombocytes (Platelets): Cell fragments essential for blood clotting (hemostasis cascade converting fibrinogen to fibrin). - Leukocytes: White blood cells (neutrophils, B/T lymphocytes, macrophages) executing immune defense.
Respiratory Gas Exchange: Oxygen and CO2 diffuse passively across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane according to partial pressure gradients.
Worked example
1.The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.
2.Mature human erythrocytes contain a prominent nucleus for active protein synthesis.
3.Blood platelets (thrombocytes) play a primary role in blood clotting and hemostasis.
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