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Questo esame si sostiene in inglese: le lezioni e le domande sono in inglese. L'interfaccia resta in italiano.
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Part 1 of 1
In formal logic, 'If A, then B' states that A is a sufficient condition for B, while B is a necessary condition for A. If A happens, B is guaranteed to happen.
However, B happening does not prove that A caused it. Concluding A from B is the fallacy of affirming the consequent. Similarly, denying A does not allow you to deny B (fallacy of denying the antecedent).
Worked example
Premise: 'If it rains, the ground gets wet.' Fact: 'The ground is wet.' Invalid conclusion: 'It rained' (a sprinkler could have wet the ground). Valid conclusion: 'If the ground is not wet, it did not rain.'
For the exam
1.From the premise 'If a student passes the test, they get admitted', knowing John got admitted proves he passed the test.
2.The contrapositive statement 'If not B, then not A' is logically equivalent to 'If A, then B'.
3.In the statement 'A is necessary for B', B cannot happen unless A occurs.
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